Immune Health

Is Your Biological Clock Sick?

The surprising connection between circadian rhythms and your immune system

If you’ve been having trouble sleeping… your whole body feels like it’s off course… or you seem to be catching everything going around… your biological clock might be out of whack.

Circadian rhythms lie at the heart of your wellness. And if your internal clock isn’t keeping the correct time, your immune system can get disrupted. That can throw your body clock off even more, so you never feel quite right.

Your immune system and your circadian rhythms are so intertwined that even slight disturbances in one can interrupt the other.

But, you can keep your immune function and your biological clock on schedule with the right support.

Circadian Rhythms Run Your Life

Your body has an internal clock that regulates all essential biological functions.[1] That clock runs on circadian rhythms, the 24-hour cycles, largely based on light and dark.

It’s most known for regulating your sleep-wake cycles, but that’s just one small piece of your body’s time puzzle.

Circadian rhythms also manage:

  • Hormone production
  • Body temperature
  • Heart rate
  • Appetite
  • Digestion
  • Immune function

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Practically every tissue and organ follows its own circadian rhythm, under the direction of your body’s master clock called the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus). The SCN coordinates those individual rhythms to keep everything ticking at the right time. Light and dark have the heaviest influence on your circadian rhythms, but they can be affected by other factors such as stress, health conditions such as ADD and depression, vigorous activity, and meal timing.[2]

And if any of those knock your body clock off course, your immune system can get knocked down too. That’s because your immune function is heavily dependent on circadian rhythms.[3]

Your Immune System Follows Its Own Clock

Circadian rhythms have a huge influence on your immune system, down to specific immune cells.[4] That means your ability to fight off infections, respond to vaccines, or deal with threats varies depending on the time of day. And that goes for all types of immune functions including things like inflammatory responses.

Most types of immune cells have internal clocks, and their activity levels depend on timing.

  • Macrophages—white blood cells that kill threatening microbes and signal other immune cells into action—follow their own circadian rhythms.[5]
  • T-cells (also known as lymphocytes) also follow their own time cycles as they help fight infections, respond to vaccines, and attack cancer cells.[6]
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG, also called antibodies) are your body’s first-line defenders against pathogens and toxins and are most present and active in the early afternoon.[7]
  • Cytokines, signaling proteins produced by immune cells that stimulate other immune cells, play a key role in inflammatory responses and are naturally more active in the early morning.[8]

You can see how circadian rhythms direct immune function in critical time-based ways. They determine how many immune cells are circulating at any given time and that number varies widely throughout every 24-hour period.[9]

Some immune cell activity increases during the day to protect you from potential threats. Other immune cell populations work like night owls, increasing activity while you sleep to repair injured or infected cells. And that can affect whether or not an infection takes hold, whether or not a tumor develops, and whether your immune system over- or under-reacts.[10]

And if any of your immune cell circadian clocks fall out of alignment it can interrupt restorative sleep[11] or trigger chronic inflammation, accelerated aging, autoimmune conditions, and a whole host of serious diseases.[5]

Circadian rhythm infographic

Overactive Immune Responses Disrupt Your Body Clock

The circadian-immune connection works both ways. If either is off, the other will be, too. And when your master clock is off cycle, that can interfere with multiple body systems and functions and have an especially disruptive effect on sleep.

When your immune system goes rogue and overreacts, it sets off a chain of events that upsets your entire biological clock. This can be brought on by any type of immune cell or immune compounds like cytokines. Immune challenges can spark system imbalances and overreactions, which can include improper inflammatory responses.[12] Inflammatory responses can interfere with immune cells’ internal circadian clocks, disrupting their function which can trigger even more dysfunction.

Your body can get locked in a negative cycle that causes circadian dysregulation, affecting many physiological functions including digestion, hormone production, and sleep. In fact, an out-of-sync immune system can harm your sleep quantity and quality, leading to even more circadian disruption.

Helping your immune system stay in healthy balance supports proper immune f